Antisemittisme i Europa etter den kalde krigen

• Enstad, Johannes Due (2024). Facing antisemitism in Europe: individual and country-level predictors of Jews’ victimization and fear across twelve countries. Social Forces. doi: 10.1093/sf/soae091. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Rising antisemitism in the twenty-first century has alarmed Jewish communities and the general public, but antisemitic hate crime victimization remains understudied outside the US context. This study primarily relies on a comprehensive survey of 16,400 Jews across twelve European countries, supplemented with data from additional sources, to assess individual and country-level predictors of Jews’ experiences and fears of antisemitic harassment and violence. Multilevel models indicate that young age, perceived discrimination, identity visibility, and identification with Israel are pronounced individual risk factors for victimization. On the country level, negative opinion of Israel and Muslim population share predict victimization, highlighting the role of a “new” or Israel-derived antisemitism in the twenty-first century. The factors most strongly associated with fear are young age, previous victimization, perceptions of an ambient antisemitic threat, and recent occurrence of fatal antisemitic violence. Overall, the findings underscore the importance of integrating general theory on hate crime and victimization with context-specific factors when seeking to understand the experiences of targeted groups.

• Enstad, Johannes Due (2023). Accounting for Contemporary Antisemitism: A Four-Dimensional Framework and a New Dataset. Antisemitism Studies. 7(1), s. 4–49. doi: 10.2979/ast.2023.a885991. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Existing scholarship on contemporary antisemitism tends to sacrifice breadth for depth, typically focusing on a specific dimension of the phenomenon or a single national or ideological context. This myopia threatens to limit our understanding of current antisemitism because separate parts of a complex picture are studied in isolation, and because crucial questions about temporal and cross-national variation remain understudied. To help remedy this situation, this article introduces a more comprehensive conceptual and empirical framework along with a new dataset intended to encourage the study of antisemitism as a multidimensional, cross-national, and dynamic phenomenon. The framework provides a model for studying antisemitism in four core dimensions—attitudes, incidents, cultural imagery, and Jews’ exposure—and specifies relevant variables and indicators, thus facilitating future research and data collection efforts. To supplement the framework, the article introduces a new dataset (DIMA—Dimensions of Antisemitism) featuring publicly available data covering three of the four dimensions: attitudes, incidents, and exposure. Based on patterns emerging from these data, hypotheses for further study are suggested. These contributions are intended to prepare the ground for a new and theoretically more ambitious research agenda in the field of contemporary antisemitism research.

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• Enstad, Johannes Due (2024). Norway: Know Thy Neighbor. For a Righteous Cause. s. 21–26. Vis sammendrag

  The Jewish Pathfinders project is a remarkable intervention by the Jewish Community of Oslo, designed to familiarize young Norwegians with Jews and thereby reduce the potential for antisemitism in tomorrow’s society. The project is worthy of attention because of its apparent success and its potential role as a model for similar interventions in other countries and contexts.

• Enstad, Johannes Due (2024). Det eldste hatet i en ny tid. Agora. 42(1-2), s. 288–314. doi: 10.18261/agora.42.1-2.12. Vis sammendrag

  Det hevdes ofte at det 21. århundret ble vitne til en dramatisk økning i omfanget av jødehat, og at dette er en «ny» antisemittisme som skiller seg fra middelalderens religiøse antijudaisme og den moderne epokens rasistiske antisemittisme ved at den kommer til uttrykk gjennom demonisering av Israel og sionismen. Påstanden er omstridt; en del vil hevde at prat om en ny antisemittisme er en avsporingstaktikk for å sverte dem som kritiserer Israels politikk. I denne artikkelen undersøker jeg dette spørsmålet nærmere. Først gir jeg et omriss av den ofte opphetede debatten som oppstod rundt spørsmålet om den nye antisemittismen på 2000-tallet. Deretter undersøker jeg hva tilgjengelig empiri om antisemittiske holdninger, hendelser, og jøders opplevde utsatthet kan fortelle oss om hvordan antisemittismen faktisk har utviklet seg de siste tiårene. Har det funnet sted en målbar økning, og i hvilken grad kan vi spore fremveksten av en «ny» antisemittisme knyttet til Israel-fiendtlighet? Og hvordan kan egentlig antisemittismen forklares?

• Enstad, Johannes Due (2024). Scandinavia: Some Cold Realities. Antisemitism Worldwide: Report for 2023. s. 65–72. Vis sammendrag

  The Scandinavian countries regularly rank among the most free and most democratic societies in the world. Norway, Sweden and Denmark are known for egalitarian values and high levels of social trust and cohesion. Moreover, these nations have stood out with their high per-capita reception of asylum seekers and refugees. Scandinavia appears to be one of the world’s more hospitable places for ethnic, religious, and other minorities. But how hospitable are they for Jews when antisemitism raises its head? The extent of Scandinavian commitment to diversity and inclusion was put to a strong test in the final months of 2023, when the October 7 massacre and the ensuing Israel-Hamas war triggered a wave of antisemitism that rattled Jewish communities. Antisemitic manifestations and their impact on Jewish communities appear to have been relatively similar in the three Scandinavian countries. The political response, however, varied significantly. While Swedish and Danish government leaders have demonstrated forceful and visible verbal support for their Jewish minorities, as well as taken concrete policy actions, the Norwegian political leadership has been markedly less vocal in its statements and reactions.

• Enstad, Johannes Due (2024). Det "nye" jødehatet. Klassekampen.
• Enstad, Johannes Due (2024). Antisemitism and the politics of history (book review). Ethnic and Racial Studies. doi: 10.1080/01419870.2024.2348723.
• Enstad, Johannes Due (2024). Does antizionism mask antisemitism? Evidence from Norwegian and European surveys. Vis sammendrag

  A wave of antisemitism rattled Jewish communities globally following the 7 October attacks on Israel by Hamas and the subsequent Israel-Hamas war. These events relate to a key point of contention in the literature on contemporary antisemitism, namely to what extent critical or hostile attitudes towards the Jewish state serve to mask or legitimize expressions of antisemitic sentiment. Exploring this issue, I report findings from two studies using data from a 2017 Norwegian population survey and a 2018 survey encompassing Jews across 12 European countries. I find that believing Israel is comparable to Nazi Germany predicts justifying harassment and violence against Jews (as well as refusal to take a stance on this question), and that, across Europe, country-level prevalence of unfavorable views towards Israel increases the likelihood of Jews encountering antisemitic harassment and violence. The findings support arguments stressing the importance of “new”, or Israel-derived, antisemitism.

• Enstad, Johannes Due (2023). Norske jøder om hets. [TV]. NRK Dagsrevyen.
• Enstad, Johannes Due (2023). Jødehatet. [Internett]. NRK.no.
• Enstad, Johannes Due (2023). Den "nye" antisemittismen. VG : Verdens gang. Vis sammendrag

  Mye av antisemittismen springer ut fra miljøer som er sterkt kritiske til Israel. En del forskere omtaler dette som den «nye» antisemittismen.

• Enstad, Johannes Due (2023). Minervapodden: Det tilbakevendende jødehatet. [Internett]. Minerva. Vis sammendrag

  Nyhetsredaktør Alex Z. Ibsen i samtale med historiker Johannes Due Enstad, som forsker på antisemittisme.

• Enstad, Johannes Due (2022). Diverging paths: Antisemitism on the left and right in Russia and Germany after the Cold War.
• Enstad, Johannes Due (2022). Is there an East/West divergence in European Jews’ exposure to antisemitism? Vis sammendrag

  Around 1990, many considered antisemitism to be a “spent force” in Western countries such as the UK and the US. At the same time, Russian antisemitism was surging, leading to fears of pogroms and massive Jewish emigration. Yet there were no pogroms in Russia, and thirty years later, as this paper will argue, the situation had been turned on its head: a new divergence could be observed in terms of where Jews felt safe living and practicing as Jews. By 2020, Jews were anxiously concealing their identity not in Moscow or Vilnius, but in Western cities such as Paris, Berlin, and Copenhagen. Antisemitism seemed to be affecting Jews more severely in the West than in the East. How did this situation come about? This paper will outline the empirical evidence that allows us to speak of such a divergence at all, before moving on to discuss possible explanations.

• Enstad, Johannes Due (2022). Antisemittismen i vår tid: Hvor kommer den fra, og hvor er den på vei?
• Enstad, Johannes Due (2021). On the ideological and cultural diversity of current antisemitism . Right Now!. Vis sammendrag

  In May this year, the latest round of hostilities in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict set in motion a wave of antisemitic attacks targeting Jews in Europe and the US. A closer look at these incidents demonstrates the ideological and cultural diversity of current Jew-hatred. In order to understand this diversity, a broader historical perspective is helpful.

• Enstad, Johannes Due (2021). Documenting Contemporary Antisemitism.
• Enstad, Johannes Due (2020). What is antisemitism? I Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Leidig, Eviane (Red.), Knowing what’s (far) right. A compendium. 7Letras. s. 27–29.

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