New Theoretical Perspectives on the Nordic Model of Work-Family Reconciliations

• Brandth, Berit & Kvande, Elin (2018). Masculinity and Fathering Alone during Parental Leave. Men and Masculinities. 21(1), p. 72–90. doi: 10.1177/1097184X16652659.
• Kvande, Elin; Brandth, Berit & Halrynjo, Sigtona (2017). Integrating work and family : changing institutions and competing logics. In Brandth, Berit; Halrynjo, Sigtona & Kvande, Elin (Ed.), Work-Family Dynamics : Competing logics of regulation, economy and morals. Routledge. p. 1–16. doi: 10.4324/9781315716794-1. Show summary

  Work-life integration is an increasingly hot topic in the media, social research, governments and in people’s everyday lives. This volume offers a new type of lens for understanding work-family reconciliation by studying how work-family dynamics are shaped, squeezed and developed between consistent or competing logics in different societies in Europe and the US. The three institutions of "state", "family" and "working life", and their under-explored primary logics of "regulation", "morality" and "economic competitiveness" are examined theoretically as well as empirically throughout the chapters, thus contributing to an understanding of the contemporary challenges within the field of work-family research that combines structure and culture. Particular attention is given to the ways in which the institutions are confronted with various moral norms of good parenthood or motherhood and ideals for family life. Likewise, the logic of policy regulation and gendered family moralities are challenged by the economic logic of working life, based on competition in favour of the most productive workers and organizations. Demonstrating different aspects of what is behind and between the logics of state regulation, morals and market, this innovative volume will appeal to students, teachers and researchers interested in areas such as family studies, welfare state studies, social policy studies, work life studies as well as and gender studies.

• Kvande, Elin & Brandth, Berit (2017). Fathers on Leave Alone in Norway: Changees and Continuities. In O'Brien, Margaret & Wall, Karin (Ed.), Comparative Perspectives on Work-Life Balance and Gender Equality. Springer Publishing Company. p. 29–45. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-42970-0.
• Heggem, Gunhild Foss & Kvande, Elin (2017). Nordic work-family regulations exported to a liberal context. In Brandth, Berit; Halrynjo, Sigtona & Kvande, Elin (Ed.), Work-Family Dynamics : Competing logics of regulation, economy and morals. Routledge. p. 156–171. doi: 10.4324/9781315716794-10. Show summary

  Work-life integration is an increasingly hot topic in the media, social research, governments and in people’s everyday lives. This volume offers a new type of lens for understanding work-family reconciliation by studying how work-family dynamics are shaped, squeezed and developed between consistent or competing logics in different societies in Europe and the US. The three institutions of "state", "family" and "working life", and their under-explored primary logics of "regulation", "morality" and "economic competitiveness" are examined theoretically as well as empirically throughout the chapters, thus contributing to an understanding of the contemporary challenges within the field of work-family research that combines structure and culture. Particular attention is given to the ways in which the institutions are confronted with various moral norms of good parenthood or motherhood and ideals for family life. Likewise, the logic of policy regulation and gendered family moralities are challenged by the economic logic of working life, based on competition in favour of the most productive workers and organizations. Demonstrating different aspects of what is behind and between the logics of state regulation, morals and market, this innovative volume will appeal to students, teachers and researchers interested in areas such as family studies, welfare state studies, social policy studies, work life studies as well as and gender studies.

• Smeby, Kristine Warhuus (2017). When work meets childcare: the competing logics of mothering and gender equality. In Brandth, Berit; Halrynjo, Sigtona & Kvande, Elin (Ed.), Work-Family Dynamics : Competing logics of regulation, economy and morals. Routledge. p. 89–104. doi: 10.4324/9781315716794-6. Show summary

  Work-life integration is an increasingly hot topic in the media, social research, governments and in people’s everyday lives. This volume offers a new type of lens for understanding work-family reconciliation by studying how work-family dynamics are shaped, squeezed and developed between consistent or competing logics in different societies in Europe and the US. The three institutions of "state", "family" and "working life", and their under-explored primary logics of "regulation", "morality" and "economic competitiveness" are examined theoretically as well as empirically throughout the chapters, thus contributing to an understanding of the contemporary challenges within the field of work-family research that combines structure and culture. Particular attention is given to the ways in which the institutions are confronted with various moral norms of good parenthood or motherhood and ideals for family life. Likewise, the logic of policy regulation and gendered family moralities are challenged by the economic logic of working life, based on competition in favour of the most productive workers and organizations. Demonstrating different aspects of what is behind and between the logics of state regulation, morals and market, this innovative volume will appeal to students, teachers and researchers interested in areas such as family studies, welfare state studies, social policy studies, work life studies as well as and gender studies.

• Brandth, Berit & Kvande, Elin (2017). Fathers integrating work and childcare: reconciling the logics? In Brandth, Berit; Halrynjo, Sigtona & Kvande, Elin (Ed.), Work-Family Dynamics : Competing logics of regulation, economy and morals. Routledge. p. 70–86. doi: 10.4324/9781315716794-5. Show summary

  Work-life integration is an increasingly hot topic in the media, social research, governments and in people’s everyday lives. This volume offers a new type of lens for understanding work-family reconciliation by studying how work-family dynamics are shaped, squeezed and developed between consistent or competing logics in different societies in Europe and the US. The three institutions of "state", "family" and "working life", and their under-explored primary logics of "regulation", "morality" and "economic competitiveness" are examined theoretically as well as empirically throughout the chapters, thus contributing to an understanding of the contemporary challenges within the field of work-family research that combines structure and culture. Particular attention is given to the ways in which the institutions are confronted with various moral norms of good parenthood or motherhood and ideals for family life. Likewise, the logic of policy regulation and gendered family moralities are challenged by the economic logic of working life, based on competition in favour of the most productive workers and organizations. Demonstrating different aspects of what is behind and between the logics of state regulation, morals and market, this innovative volume will appeal to students, teachers and researchers interested in areas such as family studies, welfare state studies, social policy studies, work life studies as well as and gender studies.

• Brandth, Berit (2017). The co-location of home and work in two generations of farmers: what effects on fathering practices? Families, Relationships and Societies. 6(3), p. 341–356. doi: 10.1332/204674315X14418885448328. Show summary

  The co-location of home and work could enable parents to balance work and family life, but research has given contradictory results in regard to fathers who work at home. This article Explores how the co-location of home and work in family farming affects fathers’ involvement in childcare. Interviews were conducted with two generations of fathers in seven families who have lived and worked on the same farm. Results showed significant differences between the two generations. The older generation of fathers integrated childcare into work, while the current generation more often fathered in domestic spaces rather than work spaces. Moreover, father–child interaction now takes place away from the farm as well. This study demonstrates that the significance of the co-location of home and work for fathering depends on shifting cultural and social contexts, and underscores fathering practices as relational, contingent and variable.

• Kvande, Elin & Brandth, Berit (2016). Les pères congé parental en Norwège. Changements et continuités. Politiques sociales et familiales. 122, p. 11–18.
• Brandth, Berit & Kvande, Elin (2016). Fedrekvoten som en del av likestillingspolitikken: Er jobben gjort? In Halrynjo, Sigtona & Teigen, Mari (Ed.), Ulik likestilling i arbeidslivet. Gyldendal Akademisk. p. 80–99.
• Halrynjo, Sigtona & Teigen, Mari (2016). Ulik likestilling i arbeidslivet. In Halrynjo, Sigtona & Teigen, Mari (Ed.), Ulik likestilling i arbeidslivet. Gyldendal Akademisk. p. 13–36.
• Halrynjo, Sigtona & Teigen, Mari (2016). Likestilling i framtidas arbeidsliv? In Halrynjo, Sigtona & Teigen, Mari (Ed.), Ulik likestilling i arbeidslivet. Gyldendal Akademisk. p. 299–309. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Bokas avslutningskapittel tar utgangspunkt i bokas brede tilnærming til likestillingsutfordringer i dagens norske arbeidsliv. Både i et historisk og komparativt perspektiv fremstår det norske arbeidslivet som relativt likestilt med høy yrkesdeltakelse for begge kjønn og gode velferdsordninger som gjør det mulig å kombinere foreldreskap og yrkesdeltakelse. Likevel, om vi bruker andre mål enn sysselsettingsgrad, er det nettopp i skjæringsfeltet mellom arbeidsliv og familieliv – i samspill med dynamikker i det kjønnsdelte arbeidsmarkedet – at dagens likestillingsutfordringer kommer til syne. Dette ser vi blant annet ved omfattende deltidsarbeid blant kvinner, vedvarende ulikelønn og mangel på kvinner i toppledelse og i privat sektor. Bredden av spørsmål knyttet til disse viktige problemstillinger fanges inn av bokas kapitler, skrevet av forskere fra ulike forskningsmiljøer i Norge.Vi avslutter med noen refleksjoner over hva utvikling mot økende globalisering og digitalisering har å si for likestillingsutviklingen.

• Ingstad, Kari & Kvande, Elin (2016). Karrieremønster. In Ingstad, Kari (Eds.), Turnus som fremmer heltidskultur. Gyldendal Akademisk. p. 57–69.
• Kvande, Elin & Brandth, Berit (2016). Individualized,non-transferable parental leave for European fathers. Migrant perspectives. Community, Work and Family. 20(1), p. 19–34. doi: 10.1080/13668803.2016.1270258. Show summary

  Parental leave, with a special quota for fathers as its hallmark, is a welfare-state contribution in Norway aimed at mobilizing fathers as carers. Research has documented that individualized, non-transferable parental leave is effective for promoting more gender equal fathering practices in caring and employment. Studies have not, however, explored the processes of constructing these outcomes. We have investigated this issue by means of interviews with middle-class immigrant fathers from various European countries to Norway. The ‘outsider-within’ perspective represented by immigrants’ experiences is a novel intake to understanding the leave system. Results show that the fathers’ quota, being a statutory right and generously compensated for, is understood as accepted by employers and universally used by fathers. The principle of earmarking and non-transferability is experienced as a great possibility to care for their children and perceived as important since both male and female employees are constructed as potential parents who will take parental leave. It is in comparison with the care regimes of their homelands that this insight becomes perceptible. These results can be seen as supporting the tendency to convergence, not in the actual care policies, but in the attitudes towards parental leave held by the fathers from these countries.

• Brandth, Berit & Kvande, Elin (2015). Parental leave and classed fathering practices in Norway. In Eydal, Gudny Björk & Rostgaard, Tine (Ed.), Fatherhood in the Nordic Welfare States. Policy Press. p. 121–140. doi: 10.2307/j.ctt1t894gw.11.
• Børve, Hege & Kvande, Elin (2015). Den nordiske modellen i et internasjonalt selskap i Norge. In Alsos, Gry Agnete; Bjørkhaug, Hilde; Bolsø, Agnes & Ljunggren, Elisabet (Ed.), Kjønn og næringsliv i Norge. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. p. 195–210.
• Eydal, Gudny Björk; Gislason, Ingolfur V.; Rostgaard, Tine; Brandth, Berit; Duvander, Ann-Zofie & Lammi-Taskula, Johanna (2015). Trends in parental leave in the Nordic countries: Has the forward march of gender equality halted? Community, Work and Family. 18(2), p. 167–181. doi: 10.1080/13668803.2014.1002754. Show summary

  The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the development of parental leave in the Nordic countries in the last decade or so and explain the different approaches taken by individual countries in this regard. Focusing on recent developments, though mainly on the provision of a father's quota, we discuss whether we are actually witnessing a paradigm shift in some of these countries, i.e. a movement away from an emphasis on the dual earner/dual carer model and a reverting back to a more traditional family model approach where the mother is seen as the main parent. This change is commonly presented under the guise of it respecting the ‘free choice’ of individual families. Furthermore, the article asks why the changes in question have taken place and examines the positions of different political parties towards the issue. The article shows that the Nordic countries are developing somewhat different policies and the intra-Nordic gap in both policies and politics seems to be increasing rather than narrowing.

• Børve, Hege & Kvande, Elin (2015). Internasjonalisering av arbeidslivet- norske spilleregler under press. In Bungum, Brita; Forseth, Ulla & Kvande, Elin (Ed.), Den norske modellen: Internasjonalisering som utfordring og vitalisering. Fagbokforlaget. p. 105–122.
• Bungum, Brita; Forseth, Ulla & Kvande, Elin (2015). Internasjonalisering og den norske modellen. In Bungum, Brita; Forseth, Ulla & Kvande, Elin (Ed.), Den norske modellen: Internasjonalisering som utfordring og vitalisering. Fagbokforlaget. p. 13–33.
• Kvande, Elin & Heggem, Gunhild Foss (2015). Den norske modellen i New York. In Bungum, Brita; Forseth, Ulla & Kvande, Elin (Ed.), Den norske modellen: Internasjonalisering som utfordring og vitalisering. Fagbokforlaget. p. 123–143.
• Brandth, Berit & Kvande, Elin (2015). Fathers and flexible parental leave. Work, Employment and Society. 30(2), p. 275–290. doi: 10.1177/0950017015590749. Show summary

  Research on work-family balance has seen flexible work arrangements as a key solution for reconciling work and family, but it has given contradictory results in regard to fathers. This article focuses on flexible parental leave for fathers in Norway, which until now has rarely been studied. Based on interviews with 20 fathers, the article explores their experiences with flexible organization of the leave, which provides them with a menu of choices, and considers how it affects their caring. Findings show that it allows work to invade care, produces a double stress and promotes half-way fathering. Flexible use of the father’s quota tends to confirm fathers as secondary carers instead of empowering them as carers.

• Bungum, Brita & Kvande, Elin (2015). Historien om kontantstøtten. In Bungum, Brita; Forseth, Ulla & Kvande, Elin (Ed.), Den norske modellen: Internasjonalisering som utfordring og vitalisering. Fagbokforlaget. p. 175–191.
• Børve, Hege & Kvande, Elin (2015). The Nordic model in a global company situated in Norway. In Elg, Mattias; Ellström, Per-Erik; Klofsten, Magnus & Tillmar, Malin (Ed.), Sustainable Development in Organizations. Studies on Innovative Practices. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 240–261. doi: 10.4337/9781784716899.00019.
• Halrynjo, Sigtona & Lyng, Selma Therese (2013). Fedrepermisjon i karriereyrker. In Brandth, Berit & Kvande, Elin (Ed.), Fedrekvoten og den farsvennlige velferdsstaten. Universitetsforlaget. p. 222–237.

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• Brandth, Berit; Halrynjo, Sigtona & Kvande, Elin (2017). Work-Family Dynamics : Competing logics of regulation, economy and morals. Routledge. 211 p. Show summary

  Work-life integration is an increasingly hot topic in the media, social research, governments and in people’s everyday lives. This volume offers a new type of lens for understanding work-family reconciliation by studying how work-family dynamics are shaped, squeezed and developed between consistent or competing logics in different societies in Europe and the US. The three institutions of "state", "family" and "working life", and their under-explored primary logics of "regulation", "morality" and "economic competitiveness" are examined theoretically as well as empirically throughout the chapters, thus contributing to an understanding of the contemporary challenges within the field of work-family research that combines structure and culture. Particular attention is given to the ways in which the institutions are confronted with various moral norms of good parenthood or motherhood and ideals for family life. Likewise, the logic of policy regulation and gendered family moralities are challenged by the economic logic of working life, based on competition in favour of the most productive workers and organizations. Demonstrating different aspects of what is behind and between the logics of state regulation, morals and market, this innovative volume will appeal to students, teachers and researchers interested in areas such as family studies, welfare state studies, social policy studies, work life studies as well as and gender studies.

• Halrynjo, Sigtona & Teigen, Mari (2016). Ulik likestilling i arbeidslivet. Gyldendal Akademisk. 341 p.
• Bungum, Brita; Forseth, Ulla & Kvande, Elin (2015). Den norske modellen: Internasjonalisering som utfordring og vitalisering. Fagbokforlaget. 326 p.

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• Kvande, Elin (2014). Impacts and changes in the Norwegian father's quota.
• Kvande, Elin & Brandth, Berit (2014). Fathers between two care regimes. Immigrant fathers encountering the Nordic Model.
• Brandth, Berit & Kvande, Elin (2014). Constructing male employees as fathers through parental leave regulations.
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